For example, the word for telephone, 電話 denwa in Japanese, is calqued as diànhuà in Mandarin Chinese, điện thoại in Vietnamese and 전화 jeonhwa in Korean. Individual kanji characters invented in Japan, or multi-kanji words coined in Japanese, have also influenced and been borrowed into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese in recent times. For example, 誠 means 'honest' in both languages but is pronounced makoto or sei in Japanese, and chéng in Standard Mandarin Chinese. Īlthough some characters, as used in Japanese and Chinese, have similar meanings and pronunciations, others have meanings or pronunciations that are unique to one language or the other. Inkstone artifacts at archaeological sites dating back to the earlier Yayoi period were also found to contain Chinese characters. The significant use of Chinese characters in Japan first began to take hold around the 5th century AD and has since made a profound influence in shaping Japanese culture, language, literature, history, and records. It is spelled in Japanese by using the same characters as in traditional Chinese, and both refer to the character writing system known in Chinese as hanzi ( traditional Chinese: 漢字 simplified Chinese: 汉字 pinyin: hànzì lit. The term kanji in Japanese literally means " Han characters". There are nearly 3,000 kanji used in Japanese names and in common communication. Since the 1920s, the Japanese government has published character lists periodically to help direct the education of its citizenry through the myriad Chinese characters that exist. After World War II, Japan made its own efforts to simplify the characters, now known as shinjitai, by a process similar to China's simplification efforts, with the intention to increase literacy among the common folk. A few characters were invented in Japan by constructing character components derived from other Chinese characters. The characters have Japanese pronunciations most have two, with one based on the Chinese sound. They were made a major part of the Japanese writing system during the time of Old Japanese and are still used, along with the subsequently-derived syllabic scripts of hiragana and katakana. Kanji ( 漢字, pronounced ( listen)) are the logographic Chinese characters taken from the Chinese script and used in the writing of Japanese. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
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